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[183] Pierucci, R., Fetal pain: The Sciencie Behind Why It Is The Medical Standard of Care, consultado en: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0024363920924877
[184] Johnston C.C y Stevens B.J., Experiencie in a neonatal intensive care unit affects pain response, consultado en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8909487/
[185] Flores Muñoz, María Antonieta. "las intervenciones en el feto, el dolor y sus dilemas bioéticos". Ética y Humanismo en Perinatología. 28(2), pp. 114-118; Pierucci, Robin. "Fetal Pain: The science Behind Why It Is the Medical Standard of Care." Linacre Q, 2020. Aug.: 87(3): 311-36. Doi: 10.1177/0024363920924877; Van de Velde, Marc y De Buck, Frederik. "Fetal and Maternal Analgesia/Anesthesia for Fetal Procedures." Fetal Diagn. Ther 2012; 31:201-209 DOI: 10.1159/000338146.
[186] "Additionally, the serotonin-mediated descending inhibitory system of pain only develops after birth; "clearly then, fetuses feel more pain that neonates."12 All of these hemodynamic and hormonal responses to nociceptive stimuli during the synaptogenesis period may impact the neural development of the fetus and are attenuated by anesthetic agents". Vasco Ramírez, Mauricio. "Anesthesia for fetal surgery". Revista Colombiana de Anestesiología. 2012; 40(4): 268-272, p. 269.
[187] Van de Velde, Marc y De Buck, Frederik. "Fetal and Maternal Analgesia/Anesthesia for Fetal Procedures." Fetal Daign Ther 2012; 31:201-209 DOI: 10.1159/000338146.
[188] "We argue that abortions before 13 weeks' gestation do not involve any meaningful likelihood of pain for the fetus. Abortions after 13 weeks are typically either medical or surgical. Medical abortions involve a drug or drug combination provided to the patient to induce abortion. Today the drug combination is commonly mifepristone and misoprostol that do not kill the fetus. Fetal death follows either direct feticide (an injection of potassium chloride directly into the fetal heart or an injection of digoxin directly into the fetus or intra-amniotically) or the trauma of labor. The most common surgical technique is dilatation and evacuation (D&E). In a D&E, the cervix is dilated, the amniotic fluid drained, and the fetus is removed in pieces via several surgical maneuvers using grasping forceps. Again, fetal death follows either direct feticide performed before the D&E or the trauma of the D&E results in the death of the fetus. We consider the possibility of fetal pain during these two procedures post-13 weeks' gestation. We will begin by presenting our reasoning behind our view that the issue of fetal pain has little ethical significance during therapeutic fetal surgical procedures. From there we discuss the neuroscientific and psychological evidence for and against the possibility of fetal pain before examining the ethical implications of fetal pain." Derbyshire Stuart WG, Bockmann, John C. "Reconsidering fetal pain." Med Ethics 2020; 46:3–6. doi:10.1136/medethics-2019-105701, p. 3.
[189] Restrepo, Olga Isabel y Prieto Soler, María Paula. "Dolor fetal y sus consideraciones bioéticas". Cuadernos de Bioética. 2022: 33(107): 55-66. DOI: 10.304444(CB.113, pp. 55-66; American College of Pediatricians. "Fetal Pain: What is the Scientific Evidence?," January 2021.
[190] "The unborn child is medically considered a patient in cases where the parent or parents want to preserve the child's life and, as a result, he or she is given fetal anesthesia before an in-utero surgery. The unborn child, who in this case the doctors aim to save, may be the same age as one who could legally be killed by abortion and who has the same capacity for perceiving pain". Grossu, A.O., What Sciencie Reveals About Fetal Pain, 2017, consultado en: https://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF15A104.pdf
[191] Flores Múñoz, M.A., Las intervenciones en el feto, el dolor y sus dilemas bioéticos, consultado en: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0187-53372014000200008.
[192] Cfr., Corte Constitucional, Sentencia C-148 de 2022.
[193] Cfr., Corte Constitucional, Sentencia C-148 de 2022.
[194] Corte Constitucional, C-148 de 2022.
[195] Ministerio de Salud. Prevención del Aborto Inseguro en Colombia: Protocolo para el Sector Salud (2014). Disponible en: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/PP/SM-Protocolo-IVE-ajustado-.pdf
[196] OMS. Aborto sin riesgos: guía técnica y de políticas para sistemas de salud (2012). Disponible en: 9789243548432_spa.pdf (who.int) Aunque hay manuales más recientes de la OMS, este de 2012 es la fuente más actualizada sobre procedimientos de abortos quirúrgicos.
[197] Julio Cesar Camelo Sierra y Merielin Mejia Jinete. Inducción de asistolia fetal con cloruro de potasio como parte de la atención de la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo en edad gestacional avanzada: Experiencia en un hospital público de Bogotá. Disponible en: CameloSierra_MejiaJinete.pdf (sec.es); REDAAS. EL ABORTO EN EL SEGUNDO TRIMESTRE. Disponible en: Imprimir (redaas.org.ar); REDAAS. EL ABORTO EN EL SEGUNDO TRIMESTRE. Disponible en: Imprimir (redaas.org.ar).
[198] "Potassium chloride is the drug that causes death in an execution under current lethal injection protocols. Although the other two drugs are administered in lethal dosages and would, in time, produce the prisoner's death, potassium chloride should cause cardiac arrest and death within a minute of injection. While potassium chloride acts quickly, it is excruciatingly painful if administered without proper anesthesia. When injected into a vein, it inflames the potassium ions in the sensory nerve fibers, literally burning up the veins as it travels to the heart. Potassium chloride is so painful that the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) prohibits its use as the sole agent of euthanasia–it may only be used after the animal has been properly anesthetized." (Énfasis propio) HRW. So Long as They Die:Lethal Injections in the United States. Disponible en: https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/us0406/4.htm#_Toc133042054
[199] Corte Constitucional, Sentencia C-116 de 2021.
[200] Corte Constitucional, Sentencia C-829 de 2014.
[201] Corte Constitucional, Sentencia T-223 de 1998.
[202] Cfr., Corte Constitucional, Sentencias C-239 de 1997, C-327 de 2016 y T-322 de 2017.
[203] Cfr., Corte Constitucional, Sentencias SU-491 de 1993 y T-223 de 1998.
[204] Organización Mundial de la Salud, Born Too Soon. The Global Action Report on Preterm Birth. 2012, consultado en: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44864/9789241503433_eng.pdf?sequence=1; Zárate Velasco, D.L., Estatuto moral del feto viable y autonomía de la mujer en la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo en Colombia, 2020, consultado en: https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10554/49695/Estatuto%20Moral%20Feto%20Viable%20y%20Autonomia%20de%20la%20Mujer%20en%20la%20IVE.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ; Lozano González, C.H., y otros, Límites a la viabilidad neonatal, 2013, consultado en: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0187-53372013000200002; y Cerezo Mulet, R., Límite de viabilidad fetal: un problema moral, ético, legal y de responsabilidad profesional, consultado en: https://docs.bvsalud.org/biblioref/2019/03/981164/01.pdf
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"Leyes desde 1992 - Vigencia Expresa y Sentencias de Constitucionalidad"
ISSN [1657-6241]
Última actualización: 15 de Junio de 2025 - (Diario Oficial No. 53.142 - 8 de Junio de 2025)